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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00126_Field_frep46.txt
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1996-12-30
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EXPLORATION OF THE CORTEX
Microelectrodes are one-
dimensional tools. To explore a
three-dimensional structure in
the brain, we push an electrode
slowly forward, stop at
intervals to record from and
examine a cell, or perhaps two
or three cells, note the depth
reading of the advancer, and
then go on. Sooner or later the
electrode tip penetrates all the
way through the cortex. We can
then pull the electrode out and
reinsert it somewhere else.
After the experiment, we slice,
stain, and examine the tissue
to determine the position of
every cell that was recorded. In
a single experiment, lasting
about 24 hours, it is usual to
make two or three electrode
penetrations through the
cortex, each about 4 to 5
millimeters long, and from
each of which some 200 cells
can be observed.
The electrodes are slender,
and we do well if we can even
find their tracks under a
microscope; we consequently
have no reason to think that in
a long penetration enough cells
are injured to impair
measurably the responses of
nearby cells. Originally it was
hard to find the electrode track
histologically, to say nothing of
estimating the final position of
the electrode tip, and it was
consequently hard to estimate
the positions of the cells that
had been recorded. The problem
was solved when it was
discovered that by passing a
tiny current through the
electrode we could destroy cells
in a small sphere centered on
the electrode tip and could
easily see this region of
destruction histologically.
Luckily, passing the current did
no damage to the electrode, so
that by making three or four
such lesions along a single
penetration and noting their
depth readings and the depth
readings of the recorded cells,
we could estimate the position
of each cell. The lesions, of
course, kill a few cells near the
electrode tip, but not enough to
impair responses of cells a
short distance away. For cells
beyond the electrode tip, we
can avoid losing information by
going ahead a bit and recording
before pulling back to make the
lesion.